The joint-stock companies - somewhat corporations, but at name corporation are in its general

The joint-stock companies - somewhat corporations, but at name corporation are in its general statement wider value. The state corporations - what are created only for public interest as cities, cities, districts, colleges, etc. Private corporations are created in full or in part for monetary benefit of participants, as the railway companies, banks, etc. the Corporate bodies, which participants at discretion fill all vacancies occurring in their membership on record, sometimes name the closed joint-stock companies. In this country [52] power to be corporation is the privilege which can exist only
Through a legislature.

To organise the joint-stock company, it is necessary for many people to unite and make the

To organise the joint-stock company, it is necessary for many people to unite and make the certificate in the sense that they suggest to generate the company to have the certain name, for the purpose of carrying out of a certain kind of business in a certain place. The certificate declares, that they suggest to let out certain number of actions of a stock for a determined price in the action, that the fixed capital should be certain quantity, and that the company should continue to exist for a certain time interval. The blank forms for such certificate are delivered by the Secretary of the state where the company will be organised and when such certificate is properly filled, signed, and put to it, it lets out the licence, or charter-party, to the people doing such certificate, giving to them the permission to open the book to sell a stock, and to continue the enterprise depicted in general.

It is error to answer questions for the student if it in a condition from to find answers

It is error to answer questions for the student if it in a condition from to find answers. A question which establishes student"s reflexion, even thus, that it cannot immediately find the satisfactory answer, gives educational training of considerable value. A little from answers to previous questions the following:

Calcutta (862 000) is capital of empire of India and the second city in British Empire

Calcutta (862 000) is capital of empire of India and the second city in British Empire. Though it is located on a hand of delta of Ganges, eighty miles in the country, Calcutta - huge seaport, but its seaworthy privileges can be supported only great machine-building factory, because of the silt, which Ganges constantly reduces and brings in aside exhausting channels. Calcutta possesses almost monopoly of the whole trade of valleys of Ganges and , and to a building of Suez canal, at it was almost monopoly of trade directed outside of the whole peninsula of Hindustan. Its full trade is even nevertheless very big, incorporating for and internal business directed outside together approximately 700 000 000$ in a year, the sum which can be appreciated from the fact, that it about equal to full trade in import of all United States. Bombay (822 000), the second city of the Indian Empire, owe the popularity to three things: (1) opening of Suez canal which has made it port of India the closest England; (2) start of the industry growing up a clap in India, owing to the American civil war (a growing up clap the area of India is adjacent with Bombay); and (3) development of railway system of India which does Bombay, instead of Calcutta a natural ocean exit for trade [138] country. Madras (453 000), the third city
India, also the third seaport. But it does not have any natural harbour, and its coast is broken by a surf and within many months together exposed full fury of northeast monsoons. The artificial harbour, however, has been recently constructed. Besides cities, aforementioned, there is one (Hyderabad) with the population more than 400 000; there are two (Lucknow and Benares) with the population more than 150 000 everyone, and eleven more with the population more than 100 000 everyone. There is besides forty seven cities with the population more than 50 000 everyone, and more than one thousand cities with the population approximately 10 000 everyone.
[139]
VII. TRADING FEATURES OF PORCELAIN
IMMENSITY OF AREA OF PORCELAIN AND THE POPULATION

The second illustration shows, how the holder of the specific letter took its advantages

The second illustration shows, how the holder of the specific letter took its advantages. It gives names of banks to which it has presented the letter, and the quantity paid each.

If you have brought the check, and it is returned through your bank noted 'Any Funds,' it shows,

If you have brought the check, and it is returned through your bank noted 'Any Funds,' it shows, that the check is nothing standing and that at the person into which account it has been delayed, there are no funds to meet it. Your bank will raise quantity to your account. The best thing to [14] does in that case, should keep
The check as the debt certificate, also writes to the person who has sent it to you, giving detailed data and asking an explanation.

The irrigated Stock

The irrigated Stock. When the stock is let out to shareholders without increase in the actual capital, a stock as speak, has been irrigated. The company can organise for, say, 10 000$, and can wish to increase to 50 000$, not adding to number of its shareholders. Each holder of one action, in this case, will receive four new actions, and in the future instead of receiving the dividend on one action will receive the dividend on five actions. The object of it consists in, rather usually, to avoid the state rights demanding that certain corporations have paid surplus of profit on the established percent of norm. In the state exchequer.

When the new enterprise of the railway is undertaken, its patrons often expect to force road not

When the new enterprise of the railway is undertaken, its patrons often expect to force road not only to deliver money for its building but also and to give a working capital besides. It is made by a problem of mortgages. Non-payment in interest payment throws road to receiver hands. Securities immediately fall in value and is possible syndicate of crafty speculators which allow to reorganise road and its management. It is history of many of our roads. There are unusual cases, of course, but the investor should be familiar with the facts before to buy the railway.

Term Австралазия as now in general it is used, includes Australia (including Tasmania)

Term as now in general it is used, includes Australia (including Tasmania) both New Zealand, and many small next islands. So used it actually designates the British possession; for such islands as will take place for and still the Great Britain do not belong, are rather insignificant. But when we speak about , we in general think of Australia as Australia is so big and important, that it, apparently, saddens other parts . But concerning a policy or trade Australia not one country; it is divided into some self-coping colonies. They, as importance, Victoria, the New Southern Wales, South Australia, Queensland, and Western Australia. But movement becomes now to unite all these colonies, and Tasmania also, in one 'the Australian Confederation,' the same as some areas of Canada which independent colonies were once, have been united in one 'Dominion of Canada.' This scheme of confederation, however, has not been reached yet. [167 [3] new
Zealand, because of its distance (1200 miles) from Australia, yet has not shown desire to enter this confederation.
FOOTNOTE:

[30]

The approved project - really promissory note though it name acceptance is more often
[30]
The approved project - really promissory note though it name acceptance is more often. When the person pays or the project approves, it as speak, observes it. On previous illustration A it is not obliged or to pay or approve the project. It does not connect on it more than the letter would be. He can refuse payment so easily and so with readiness as he could refuse to pay to the collector who calls for payment accounts. Certainly, if the person usually refuses to observe lawful projects, it can damage its credit with banks and business buildings.

Montreal (250 000) is commercial capital of Canada

Montreal (250 000) is commercial capital of Canada. It is located on island in -Lawrence River, and though 1000 miles from open ocean, the greatest seaworthy vessels reach its moorings with ease. It is a staff of two big railways of Canada - [193] Canadian Pacific system, with
It of 8000 miles of road, and Great system of the Trunk, from it of 5000 miles of road. Through passenger trains which operate from Montreal to Vancouver at Pacific coast, distance almost 3000 miles. Montreal - the centre also the big system of river navigation of Canada.

[2] United States Full export within years 1898 and 1899 has exceeded 1 200 000 000$, every year

[2] United States Full export within years 1898 and 1899 has exceeded 1 200 000 000$, every year. In a year
1897 they were approximately 1 050 000 000$.
CITIES OF INDIA AND CITY

In a capture in the newspaper of a collection banks should receive clear instructions from its

In a capture in the newspaper of a collection banks should receive clear instructions from its owners concerning, whether there should [47] be it objected in case of non-payment. It
No means follows it, the formal protest is not desirable, because the paper has no . Many banks do by a rule to object all not paid paper if differently is not ordered.

To interest of dealers or bankers deal [36] in foreign accounts to buy them where they are the

To interest of dealers or bankers deal [36] in foreign accounts to buy them where they are the cheapest and to sell it where they are the most expensive.
For this reason it could advantage to the New York dealer is frequent to be to buy the account on London, to pay a debt in Paris.
The bill (banker).

All all over the world Southern Africa are known for its diamond mines and its gold mines

All all over the world Southern Africa are known for its diamond mines and its gold mines. Diamonds are found mainly in Griqualand, to the north from the Orange River, now a part of the Colony of Cape, but they also are found in Orange Free State. Diamond areas are very limited, 'pipes' which as assume, were craters of extinct volcanoes. Basic 'pipes' in Kimberley (28 718), in Griqualand. They make the richest diamond areas in the world. It is considered, that value for more than 350 000 000$ diamonds has been taken out from Kimberley since their first opening there in 1867. The greatest South African diamond nevertheless found, cost 300 000$, but many other big have been found. Annual diamond export makes now approximately 20 000 000$. For 1896 export made 23 200 000$; on 1897 it is little bit less. Manufacture and export are strictly limited, so that the prices, probably, did not depreciate. Then in interest for diamond areas gold mines. They while have been found mainly in the south of [164] African republic, or
'Transvaal' as it usually name, in '', or 'reef', about the known city of Iogannesburga (102 078). As gold at first was revealed in (1871), value for 250 000 000$ has been taken out. Annual development makes now almost 50 000 000$, but it is considered, that before can be settled, value for 2,250,000,000$ gold should be - quantity, it is much more than a full public debt of the United States, national, the state, and municipal. But to the north from , in , especially in Mashonaland, the territory usually named 'Earth Ophir,' where extracting operations are just begun, but where gold as it is supposed, it is even more richly kept than in . From this area recently constructed city of Salisbury - the centre. Other mineral products of Southern Africa - coal in , extracted in Newcastle, and copper in the northwest of the Colony of the Cape sent in Port Nolloth.
FOREIGN TRADE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA

Experience has shown, that always number of people in Europe obliged to the American business

Experience has shown, that always number of people in Europe obliged to the American business buildings, about (though it is final not actually) the same as number of people in America obliged to the European buildings. Hence, when New York wishes to make payment B of London, it does not send actual money, but enters into the market that is, to the banker doing foreign business - and buys the project named the bill which is actually the payment commission of bank on its London correspondent, asking that last has paid money to the person, named. There can be so [34] about same time some
The London dealer who owes money in New York, goes besides to the Most London banker and buys the project on the New York bank. Thus one project cancels another and when there is a distinction in a weekend or month through which send actual gold to counterbalance the account.

In municipal corporations in the United States participants - citizens; number vaguely; everyone

In municipal corporations in the United States participants - citizens; number vaguely; everyone stops to be the participant when it moves from a city or a city while each new inhabitant becomes the participant when [227] according to the law it becomes the allocated right to privileges of local citizenship. In the corporations created for
Earnings of their interests of participants are presented by actions which can be transferred their owners, and the representative becomes the allocated right to the rights to membership when transfer is registered; and if the owner dies, its personal representative becomes the participant now. In such corporations also divides, can be sold in satisfaction of debts against their owners.
ADVANTAGES OF CORPORATIONS AND JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES ON ASSOCIATIONS

There are, however, even now some ways with which foreign trade with China can be increased

There are, however, even now some ways with which foreign trade with China can be increased. Two of them - delivery of its people with the woollen goods, and their deliveries with wheat and a flour. Winters of the most part of China are so cool, that warm subjects of clothes are necessary. Now they are made mainly padded clap. Owing to population density the pasture is not enough, and sheep are almost unknown. For [144] uncertain
Time, therefore, will be the requirement of the woollen goods in China, the requirement which will constantly increase as surpassing convenience of woollen subjects of clothes in subjects of clothes of a padded clap becomes to more and more known people. And though rice - now the basic food of people even all classes, rich classes love a white loaf and receive it when probably. But the agriculture of the country is not supposed by favourable growth of wheat and a flour, and wheat if is used should be imported.
THE BASIC TRADING CITIES OF PORCELAIN

C involves H for? 2000, sells the project to bank in Boston; they send to Bank of New York, and

The correspondent, speaks Bank B, with instructions to gather from Hamburg
C involves H for? 2000, sells the project to bank in Boston; they send to Bank of New York, and [33] New York bank to their London
The correspondent, speaks Bank B, with instructions to gather from Hamburg.

The new Southern Wales (the population 1 311 440) is the oldest colony of Australia and the parent

The new Southern Wales (the population 1 311 440) is the oldest colony of Australia and the parent and Victoria and Queensland. From all colonies at it is, probably, biggest range of manufacture. On the low earths of coast its soil has extraordinary abundance, and even in a dry interior when it is used, abundance is still extraordinary. For the present, however, but one acre from everyone two hundred is under , the main agricultural employment which is pasturing. More than 50 000 000 sheep are kept, mainly . The grass grows everywhere, and even meetings at the summit of mountains are covered. The drought, however, is an awful lack, and sometimes huge losses occur. In 1877 more than 8 000 000 sheep were lost, and in 1884 more than 12 000 000. Full manufacture of a wool is very big, averaging 50 000 000$ in a year. Export disappears, skin, a skin, and the cooled meat, mainly mutton, makes 10 000 000$ annually. [172] cooled mutton and beef send directly to London though pass occupies five or six weeks with steamship and
Twelve - sixteen weeks a sailing vessel. Hardly less important than its agricultural products mineral products of the New Southern Wales. Its mines are the finest on continent, and value for 4 500 000$ coal is exported annually besides it is consumed in local scale. Its gold manufacture though not so big, is the general everywhere on the whole colony. Its silver mines in Silverton and Broken Hill among the most known in the world, and its earths having tin include more than 5 500 000 acres. Previous include the basic products - manufacture of the industries which have been already well installed. But gardening, including all fruit, from apples, pears, and peaches, to olives and oranges, is quickly developing industry, any country in the world which is better approaching for it. Wine creation, also, quickly acts forward, wine equality of the New Southern Wales in those of aroma from France and Spain. Wheat growth, clap growth, and even rice growth are also in their several areas quickly stretched and succeeding prosecution. Development of the New Southern Wales has just begun. Sydney (including suburb 410 000) is the capital and is unconditional the greatest city. Sydney as Melbourn, is a beautiful city, but its beauty is natural, instead of artificial, and it well is called on the name, 'the Queen of the South.' It is located on Port Jackson, one of the finest and most beautiful harbours on globe. Sydney - a staff of all various lines of British of steamships, the American, the French language, the Italian language, etc. - that trade with Australia, also is really one of great seaports of the world.
SOUTH AUSTRALIA

If you wish to exchange the check where you are unknown for money, and it is not convenient for the

If you wish to exchange the check where you are unknown for money, and it is not convenient for the friend, which has a bank account to go with you for the purpose of identification, ask, that it has placed the signature in the end of your check, and you hardly will have a trouble in reception, it exchanged for money in bank where your friend holds the account. Placing its signature in a back of the check he guarantees to bank against loss. The bank [10] is responsible for
Signatures of its investors, but it as it can be assumed, does not know the signature indorsers. The reliable identifier - actually the person who is responsible.
APPROVAL OF CHECKS
In approval of checks mark following points:
Write through a back - it is not longitudinal.
If you is the first, write it approximately two inches from back top; if it not the first , write immediately under the last .
Do not confirm incorrectly come to an end; back top - the left end of the person.
Write the name as you are accustomed to write it irrespective of as it is written on the person. If you bring the check, write or the press 'For the Deposit', or 'Pay ______ to Bank ______,' as there can be a custom, under your signature. It is hardly necessary, if you take the check independently to bank. The check with simple or pure on a back - the check payable to bearer and if the selector is lost could succeed in collecting it; but if words 'For the Deposit' appear under the name, bank employees understand, that the check is intended to be deposited, and they will not exchange it for money.
If you wish to make the check subject to payment to some specific person, confirming, write, that 'the Payment ______ (name) ______ or the order,' and under it has written your own name as you are accustomed to sign it.
Do not bear round certified cheques freely. Such checks - the check payable to bearer also can be collected any.
[11]
If you receive the check which has been transferred you pure (the name indorser only), and you wish to consider it in the afternoon or two, to copy which words 'Pay to the order (with your own name).' It is admissible legally. The check cannot then to be collected, while you do not confirm it.
The check which is subject to payment to order and pure .
[12]
Authorised printed it is so good as written. Whether are accepted such , or does not depend on clearing house instructions in a specific city in which to them offer for the deposit. Written consider as more safe for transfer of collections in the country.
If you confirm for the company, either the society, or corporation, has written at first a company name (it can be printed on), and then your own name accompanied by a word 'Treas'.
If you have a power of attorney to confirm for some specific person, to write his name accompanied your own, by accompanied word 'or' the lawyer, 'as it is usually written.
Is sometimes admissible to confirm a name of the addressee of payment thus, '______ (your own name).' It can be made by a younger member of anxiety when the person, authorised to confirm checks, no, and checks are deposited and not on money.
Do not write the unnecessary information in the end of your check. The history is told women who has received the check from her husband and when reception of its money has written to 'your loving wife' above its name on a back.
V. BANKER"S CHECKS (Proceeded)

[9] For preliminary processing of a subject of this lesson the student is carried in the First

[9] For preliminary processing of a subject of this lesson the student is carried in the First part. From this book named 'the General
The business Information, 'especially XII. and XV.
THE CORPORATION SHOULD HAVE A NAME

The railway card of the United States shows, that the majority of parts of our country has densely

The railway card of the United States shows, that the majority of parts of our country has densely weaved network of railways. Distance of our lines of the railway - now 184 000 miles, actual length of a trace on these roads which are approximately of 245 000 miles. Value of these big numbers becomes a declaration considerable quantity when comparison is made between length of our railways and length of that of Europe and that of the world. Railways in the United States include more than four ninth full railway distance of the world, and are much longer than railways of all countries of incorporated Europe. Graphically following diagramme shows the facts:

The lost Stock

The lost Stock. The stock usually is on sale on certain obvious conditions, such as payment of ten percent. Downwards and balance by instalments in the established intervals. If conditions which are co-ordinated on the shareholder, do not observe, its stock is declared by lost, or it can be sued in the same manner as after any other contract.

The first form shows the project made the coal company on shipping company to pay for coal,

The first form shows the project made the coal company on shipping company to pay for coal, delivered to a specific steamship. Assume, that the shipping company has a contract with Robert Hare Powel and Co. Philadelphia to deliver coal to their steamships. A steamship Cardiff when in port in Philadelphia, it is delivered; the account is certified to the engineer; the owner (captain) of a vessel signs project Powel and Co. (And in performance of it really does it by the project of the captain); the account is in writing confirmed reception. Now Powel and Co. Sells this exchange (project) for London to the broker or the banker doing foreign business. It is sent London and presented in due time at office of the Company of Navigation of the Wales for payment.

When France will be in comparison with other countries concerning commercial development and

When France will be in comparison with other countries concerning commercial development and advancement, results will be in almost each specific turn, adverse to France. For example, since end of Napoleonic wars eighty three years ago, which national trade of the Great Britain while that from France only has trebled. In end ex German war France made eighteen percent. In front of Germany in the power of carrying over of its shipment. Now Germany of seventy [97] percent. In front of France in this respect. But it needs to be remembered, that ex German war cost France in army
Expenses and in indemnification the sum than 3,250,000,000$ is not less. The effect of those huge expenses on nation prosperity can be estimated in one comparison. Since that war annual average savings in the inhabitant in France have made 17$. During the same period annual average savings in the inhabitant in the Great Britain have made 19.50$. That war has not occurred, average annual savings in the inhabitant in France will make 21.50$. To put it briefly, no people in Europe are comparable to working classes of the French people in thrift and development, and because of this feature if France well operated its prosperity would be equal to that from any country in the world, and it will be so in spite of the fact that the account of interest of France imposes the tax 6.50$ in a year on each inhabitant of the country.
Street scene in Paris, showing to Stock exchange.
[98]
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN FRANCE

The name market expresses a site for sale of the goods, and in trade is often used to designate

The name market expresses a site for sale of the goods, and in trade is often used to designate cities or even the countries. We say, that Boston - the leather market, meaning, that the considerable quantity of the Boston dealers buys and sells a skin. In the same sense we name Chicago the grain market, or New Orleans the cotton market. In its more limited sense the name market shows a building or a place where meat or a product are bought and sold. We say, that the market is flooded with specific article when dealers bear more than that article, than they can find sale for. There is no market for any product, when there is no any requirement. The monetary market is strained or to relatives when it is difficult to borrow money from banks and usurers.
II. COMMERCIAL TERMS And USES (Proceeded)

[40]

Payment usually becomes after simple identification or comparison of signatures
[40]
Payment usually becomes after simple identification or comparison of signatures. If the traveller lose the letter of credit, it should notify at once bank, letting out it and if it is possible, banks on which involved.
The second page of the letter of credit (is used).

The paper offered for the discount, has set of kinds

The paper offered for the discount, has set of kinds. The big proportion of it from clients of the borrower who have expanded their credit, paying in their account in notes instead of in cash. Such paper really though having two names, it is little bit better than [51] paper of the unique name as it not the manufacturer
The credit, but the addressee of payment who usually considers bank. Many very small notes offered for the discount usually, specify very requiring condition.

In detection of term of payment it is important to remember, that when the note - the delayed days

In detection of term of payment it is important to remember, that when the note - the delayed days after, are dated, actual days should be counted, and when the delayed months after are dated, time is considered by months.

Calcutta (862 000) is capital of empire of India and the second city in British Empire

Calcutta (862 000) is capital of empire of India and the second city in British Empire. Though it is located on a hand of delta of Ganges, eighty miles in the country, Calcutta - huge seaport, but its seaworthy privileges can be supported only great machine-building factory, because of the silt, which Ganges constantly reduces and brings in aside exhausting channels. Calcutta possesses almost monopoly of the whole trade of valleys of Ganges and , and to a building of Suez canal, at it was almost monopoly of trade directed outside of the whole peninsula of Hindustan. Its full trade is even nevertheless very big, incorporating for and internal business directed outside together approximately 700 000 000$ in a year, the sum which can be appreciated from the fact, that it about equal to full trade in import of all United States. Bombay (822 000), the second city of the Indian Empire, owe the popularity to three things: (1) opening of Suez canal which has made it port of India the closest England; (2) start of the industry growing up a clap in India, owing to the American civil war (a growing up clap the area of India is adjacent with Bombay); and (3) development of railway system of India which does Bombay, instead of Calcutta a natural ocean exit for trade [138] country. Madras (453 000), the third city
India, also the third seaport. But it does not have any natural harbour, and its coast is broken by a surf and within many months together exposed full fury of northeast monsoons. The artificial harbour, however, has been recently constructed. Besides cities, aforementioned, there is one (Hyderabad) with the population more than 400 000; there are two (Lucknow and Benares) with the population more than 150 000 everyone, and eleven more with the population more than 100 000 everyone. There is besides forty seven cities with the population more than 50 000 everyone, and more than one thousand cities with the population approximately 10 000 everyone.
[139]
VII. TRADING FEATURES OF PORCELAIN
IMMENSITY OF AREA OF PORCELAIN AND THE POPULATION

Time was when the affinity on the market had the biggest advantage

Time was when the affinity on the market had the biggest advantage. Now the farmer can lift the celery in Michigan or the beets in Dakota and sell them in New York about as [58] easily as though he lived on Long Island. It any more a site, which defines business to be
Continued in a specific place, but natural advantages, more or less independent of a site. But the railway or a steamship very often define, where new business should be developed. This acceleration and humiliation of transportation have given such stimulus in the present moment to growth of the big cities. It allows them to pull cheap food from much territories, and it forces business to define a site where the widest communication of sale should be available instead of where the goods or raw materials are most easily provided. These are fast and convenient services of transportation which our big cities possess, which distances force to great shopping centres. Buyers for thirty or forty miles around can reach easily these centres, and the result consists that trade gathers in the centres, instead of in local points. The city of one million population in the most productive agricultural section of the country could not eat, if the food reach a city, uniting in a command. With this growth of trade the centres there arrives the increased benefit of the big dealers at the expense of the small; with it there arrives the organised assumption and its accompanying results, good and harm.

[68]

[69]
BUSINESS GEOGRAPHY
TRADING FEATURES OF THE GREAT COMMERCIAL NATIONS
I
[68]
[69]
BUSINESS GEOGRAPHY
TRADING FEATURES OF THE GREAT COMMERCIAL NATIONS
I. TRADING FEATURES OF BRITISH ISLES
LONDON AS THE FOOD CONSUMER

[42]

Usual face value of the action of a stock makes 100$
[42]
Usual face value of the action of a stock makes 100$. Thus, if the company organises with the capital 200 000$, there will be actions 2000 to sell. Each person who buys or subscribes for a stock that is who joins the company - receives the certificate on a stock. Our illustrations show two examples; one of national bank, and other firm-manufacturer. These certificates are transferred in pleasure of owners. Transfer usually becomes the form in the end of the certificate, but to be legal, transfer should be registered on company books.
The certificate on a stock in national bank.

Each big city has a system of a clearing house

Each big city has a system of a clearing house. To establish a clearing house, many banks connect themselves together, under certain instructions, for the purpose of an exchange daily once and place checks and other bill which they remember each other. Usual officials - the president, the secretary, the treasurer, both the manager, and clearing house committee. Checks, etc., which banks take to a clearing house, name clearing house exchanges, and a total sum papers name clearings of day. Those banks which bring less quantities than, they clean, are obliged to matter, good in cash or its equivalent within motionless time in the same day. Assume, for an illustration, that the clearing house association consists of five Banks-A, B, C, D, and E-and, which Bank A took to checks of a clearing house against B, C, D, and E achievement 20 000$, and that B, C, D, and E took to checks of a clearing house against achievement 21 000$. Then A there is this specific day a bank of the debtor, and owes a clearing house, or other banks through a clearing house, 1000$. Payment of balances by banks of the debtor and the receipt of balances banks of the creditor finishes transactions of each day. As the total sum brought to a clearing house, always is the same as the cleaned quantity, thus balances, should from banks of the debtor, there should be precisely equal to the sums to reception banks of the creditor. Clearings in New York in one day make from 100 000 000$ to 200 000 000$, and the actual processed cash if those in general are available, require [251] only to be for actual debtor balances. Usually once a week (in some cities
To thicket), city banks do to their clearing house the message based on daily balances, their conditions. The Clearing house establishes association among banks which has already proved in days of a panic of money of the biggest service to itself and community.
PAYMENT of BALANCES In CLEARING HOUSES

Receiver certificates are let out by receivers of corporations, the companies, etc

Receiver certificates are let out by receivers of corporations, the companies, etc., in financial difficulties to provide a working capital; to them give the first rights to the property and are placed above previous mortgaging deduction and the first mortgages.
XVII. TRANSPORTATION

When former clients ask the credit, the dealer copes the report made in the previous business

When former clients ask the credit, the dealer copes the report made in the previous business relations. The account book of the businessman - very valuable history of credits. It is its compass in the doubt sea. If after survey of the old account it is revealed, that in former years the client paid in cash and depreciated the accounts, and that after its method of payment was according to promissory notes, and that some times he has asked special advantage, such as dated accounts forward or the privilege of renewal of the notes, everyone in a condition to read a certain faultless sign of degeneration in the credit of the client. New orders from such client will have research; and closer attention to present conditions of the account can rescue firm from some bad debts.

India owes the most part of its abundance to the fact, that its soil constantly replenishes

India owes the most part of its abundance to the fact, that its soil constantly replenishes , lowered from its high mountains at its huge rivers. Valleys of Indus (1800 miles in length), Ganges (1600 miles in length), and (1500 miles in length) include area of 1 125 000 square miles, which part, the plain of Indus-Ganges, consists of the big extent of the alluvial soil which abundance is so rich as that from any part of globe. Hundred eighty millions from people live in this plain. So precisely sprayed its soil, that for distance almost 2000 miles not even the pebble can be found in it. And so fertile it is [131], that there are some agricultural areas in plain where the population exceeds 900 to square mile. In that part of plain
Which waters of Ganges, 60 000 000 of people find support on soil agriculture, in density more than 700 persons to square mile which is 140 more to square mile than density of Belgium, most densely occupied country in Europe.
IRRIGATION CANALS OF INDIA AND RIVER QUAYS

In check approval remember, that the left end of the person - top when you overturn it

In check approval remember, that the left end of the person - top when you overturn it. Write the name as you are accustomed to write it. If you bring the check, pure that is, with simple yours the name the answer; or you can write or print 'the Payment to the order (bank in which you bring)', and follow with the signature. Any [244] does the check by the absolute property of bank. If you wish to
Pass the check to some specific person write 'the Payment to the order (a designation of the person)' and follow with your own signature; or you can simply write the name on a back. Last form would consider imprudent if you sent the check through mail, for the reason, that pure does the check check payable to bearer. Authorised printed it is so good as written. Whether are accepted such , or does not depend on clearing house instructions in a specific city in which to them offer for the deposit.
NUMBERING OF CHECKS
The certified check.

The corporation should have a name for which it should be known in the law and in the transaction

The corporation should have a name for which it should be known in the law and in the transaction of its business. The name is given it in its charter-party or the charter of joint-stock company and should adhere to. The requirement of use of the name of corporation for business management follows from the fact, that in corporate affairs the law knows corporation as the person and does not notice making participants.
CORPORATE INTERESTS

Value of these numbers, descriptive of our export trade, will be is better understood from several

Value of these numbers, descriptive of our export trade, will be is better understood from several comparisons. Our full export within a year 1897-8 was, as is told before, in round numbers, 1 250 000 000$. Within a year, previous, it were more than 1 000 000 000$. Export of the Great Britain for a year 1896 made 1 500 000 000$. For a year 1897 it was almost the same quantity. For a year 1895 it were 1 450 000 000$. But whereas our export of grains, conditions, animal, fruit, etc., and raw materials, such as the clap, wood, ores, etc., makes possibly 77 or 78 percent. From our full export while our export of the goods of an industrial function makes no more than 22 or 23 percent., export of grains, conditions, raw materials, etc., which is done by the Great Britain, 17 percent are no more than one sixth, or. Its full export, while its export of the goods of an industrial function - five sixth, or 83 percent. From its full export. For example, export of the Great Britain only textiles makes one more than 500 000 000$ in a year (for 526 647 525 1896$) while our full export of textiles, including claps, woollens, silks, and fibres, [198] is no more than 19 000 000$ in a year. Total of the Great Britain
Export of hardware and cars makes more than 250 000 000$ in a year; our full export of these articles does not make more than one third of this sum. On the other hand, full export of the Great Britain of raw materials of all kinds that sum makes no more than 100 000 000$ in a year, while ours one only a clap almost two and one third times. And while the Great Britain does not export some grains or conditions to speak about, our export of these articles (including animals) makes the huge sum 855 000 000$ in a year.
OUR IMPORT AND THAT OF THE GREAT BRITAIN WERE COMPARED
Export trade of the United States and the Great Britain was compared.

It will be noticed, that decades of the fastest railway development were that with 1850 to 1860,

It will be noticed, that decades of the fastest railway development were that with 1850 to 1860, after gold opening in California, and two between 1870 and 1890. We have added 70 000 miles to our railway system between 1880 and 1890-a the report to which no other country was equaled. To 1892 we, apparently, have met more urgent requirements of new lines, and we annually build now less than 2000 miles of new roads. The face-value of the capital which now invest in the American railways, makes 11,000,000,000$. Number of the people employed in railway service, 850 000.
RAILWAY CORPORATION

Now it will cost B a considerable sum of money to send? 14 000 in gold to A, for all exchanges

Now it will cost B a considerable sum of money to send? 14 000 in gold to A, for all exchanges between Europe and America are subject to payment in gold. Assume, what S New York should T London? 14 000, and T involves S and takes the project to Surround with shaft B in London and offers it for sale. Offer Will B more or less than? 14 000 for the bill or the project? He will offer more. More cheaply for it will pay the award for the project than to send gold, as it can send this project to Operate bank, to pay its debts, and A can gather from S.

To depreciate the note means to sell it at a discount

To depreciate the note means to sell it at a discount. Norms of the discount change according to the safety offered, either character of the loan, or the state of the monetary market. For the usual bill of norm run from four to eight percent. The notes received both given by commercial buildings and depreciated banks, usually not during longer period than four months.
VIII. CLEARING HOUSE SYSTEM

If you wish to use your check to pay the note, should in some other bank, or in real estate

If you wish to use your check to pay the note, should in some other bank, or in real estate purchase, either stocks, or bonds, you can find necessary to certify the check. It is made by the official of bank who writes or prints through the person of the check of a word 'or' Good When Properly Confirmed, 'and signs its name. (See an illustration). The quantity will be immediately subtracted from your account, and bank, guaranteeing your check, becomes responsible for its payment. Banks will usually certify any check, caught up them if to the investor have called for quantity to its credit irrespective of who represents the check, and this certificate does it for the person to bear in its pocket any quantity of actual cash. If you certify the check and then not use it, bring it in your bank, differently your account will be short quantity for which will delay the check. In Canada all checks are presented 'the keeper of the account book' for the certificate before to be presented to the paying cashier.
The certified check.
[15]
FULL VALUE OF BANKS

But influence which is more than something else have defined specialisation of industries in

But influence which is more than something else have defined specialisation of industries in certain places in the Great Britain, instead of in others, was presence of coal fields. Only in very few cases have the big industries, supported in areas which are not coal manufacture. The most occupied the industrial centre in all Great Britain - it is possible, Southern Lancashire, the big place of cotton manufacturing. Southern Lancashire - one big coal field. Liverpool, great cotton port of the world, on one edge of this area. Manchester, cotton capital of the world, on other to edge. Between and about these two main cities the whole nest of the big cities and city Preston, Burnley, Blackburn, Rochdale, Bolton to Bury, Ashton, Stockport, Oldham, etc. - each of which is completely devoted cotton interest. From their position all these cities receive both the driving power and the raw materials at the lowest cost. But in addition to its advantages of cheap coal and cheap raw materials Southern Lancashire has one other big advantage in favour of its special industry - its climate extremely approaches for the industry. Its atmosphere is crude, both not too crude, and its temperature is not too cold. The cotton thread can be spun and it is weaved in Lancashire which in other place would break. In hardly any other place in England has a cotton interlacing [88]
Or clap rotation ever proved success. The cotton industry of Scotland so is not localised, as it is in England, but Paisley (65 000) is known all all over the world for its identification with manufacturing of a cotton thread. At Ireland is not present any important cotton except in Belfast. One third of the clap made in the world, is made in the Great Britain. The full product makes approximately 14 000 miles of a fabric daily. Number of separate factories - more than 2500. The annual product makes 500 000 000$ which is hundred times, than it was hundred years ago. Quantity of the crude clap imported annually to sustain this huge manufacture, makes 1 750 000 pounds.
The big industrial areas of England.
[89]
WOOLEN MANUFACTURING OF THE GREAT BRITAIN

The cumulative effect of humiliated transportation should increase distance on which for the

The cumulative effect of humiliated transportation should increase distance on which for the manufacturer and the consumer probably to deal with each other. It offers the manufacturer wider market and to the consumer more various source of delivery. As a whole, humiliated transportation is more homogeneously favourable to the consumer; its time advantage to the manufacturer very often leads to overproduction. It has effect also callings of almost homogeneous prices all over the world.

Berlin (1 700 000), empire capital, is the main place of manufacturing of cars

Berlin (1 700 000), empire capital, is the main place of manufacturing of cars. It is a lot of years Franc [110] 'a fort on the core' enjoyed advantage
From this, to be near to London the greatest monetary market in the world; but since establishment of German Empire financial business of Frankfurt has been absorbed by Berlin. Leipzig (400 000) has a distinction of to be a place of trade of book publishing which appears more than 60 000 000 volumes in a year, making in value 30 000 000$. Leipzig has also an honour of to be the greatest market of fur in the world. Dantzig (120 000) is the main port of Germany to Baltic, and the main place of its big export trade in wood, grain, flax, hashish, and a potato. Its harbour, however, is closed in the winter because of ice. Dresden (330 000) is noted for its manufacturing of porcelain, but porcelain is not made basically in Dresden, but in Meissen, fifteen miles from Dresden. Munich (407 000) manufacturings substantially a national drink, beer. At last, Nuremberg (162 000), in southern Germany, is remarkable for its duration in modern days within many centuries, has proceeded in the country. From them the most noted - hours, hours, pencils, and toys.
[111]
IV. TRADE FEATURES OF SPAIN AND ITALY
ITALY, THE TURKEY, AND SPAIN, THREE DECADENT NATIONS OF EUROPE